Gene Therapy and Cancer :: Genetics Science Technology Medical Essays

Gene Therapy and Cancer In 1997, an estimated 1.38 million Americans will be newly diagnosed with cancer (Blaese, 1997). The treatments available only cure half of them. Many new strategies, including gene therapy are in developmental stages for treating cancer. Nearly half of all gene therapy trials currently under way deal with cancer and experts believe a number of these applications will be in use within the next three to five years (Lyon, 1997). Cancer is considered a genetic disorder. Studies have identified a small number of genes that must be mutated to bring about development of cancer or maintain the growth of malignant cells (Klug, 1996). Two main properties of cancer are uncontrollable cell division and the ability to spread or metastasize. Both are results of genetic alterations. Mutations in the cells that lead to certain forms of cancer, can be identified as inherited in some families. In most cases, however, it is difficult to identify a simple pattern of inheritance. There are two ways to regulate cell division. One way is with tumor suppressor genes, which usually function to inactivate or repress cell division. These genes or their products or both, must be inactivated sporadically for cell division of take place. If they are permanently inactivated or lost through mutation, uncontrolled cell division occurs. Another way cell division is regulated is by proto-oncogenes, which usually promotes cell division also. These genes can be in an "on" or "off" mode and when in the "on" mode, cell division is promoted. When the genes or their products or both are inactivated, cell division is stopped. If they are permanently switched "on", cell regulation is stopped and tumor formation begins. Oncogenes are the mutant form of proto-oncogenes. An example of a transformation of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene is the p53 gene, which encodes a nuclear protein that acts as a transcription factor. The p53 gene is usually a tumor suppressor gene that controls passage of the cell from one phase of mitosis to another. The mutations in p53 gene are estimated to be associated with over half of all cancers. The most prevalent cause of death in cancer patients is metastasis, where cancer cells detach from the original tumor site and settle elsewhere in the body, to grow and divide producing another tumor. There are two kinds of tumors, benign and malignant. Benign tumors can be removed and usually do not return.

Steps Taken To Ensure Security Of Personnel

Personnel involved in emergency preparedness in an agency should be aware of state and local laws that are applicable in maintaining security. They should know how these laws may affect development and implementation of emergency preparedness in an agency. If the agency leases facilities that are owned by local government, state or private companies, responsibility in ensuring there is security should be allocated to all the parties who use the facilities.Occupant emergency plan should be well known by the key staff and disabled people should get involved in preparing for emergency where disabled should be engaged in maintaining security. Agency plan should be updated by the senior staff and plan should be reviewed by facilities personnel, first responders and no part of the plan should conflict with the procedures of nearby agencies. Security strategy should coordinate information among enforcement of law and security agencies and strengthen cooperation of police and community throu gh sharing information to know the causes of insecurity in an agency.Operation plan should help in providing timely information about criminal activities that may arise so that the director of security can take preventive measures to ensure that no personnel are under risk. (Douglas, 1993 pp38-42). Steps taken to ensure security of organization assets Risk assessment on organizations sensitive information on assets where assets are evaluated basing on integrity, availability and confidentiality of the requirements in classifying assets to determine the ones essential in achieving organization objectives.Risk assessment identifies the threat, probability of occurrence, how vulnerable it is and impact of severity. Threat analysis establishes all the threats that involve flood or virus and improper management of storage devices. Vulnerability analysis ensures that there is protection of critical information resources. Possible control to be implemented should be assessed to determine s ecurity functions to mitigate risks and provide protection to assets. Appropriate security measures should be selected to correspond to retained security functions.Analysis should be done followed by decision making and drafting of action plan according to priority of security measures that should be deployed. Director of security communicate with employees on security issues, monitor and update implemented controls. (Douglas, 1993 pp33-37). Role of scenario planning This is a method of strategic planning used by some organizations to make long term plans that are flexible. It combines known future facts such as political, geography and industrial information with social, technical and environmental trends that act as key driving forces.Scenario planning involves interpreting facts in a subjective manner, new inventions and shifting values. Scenario planning highlights the forces that push future to a different location. It ensures forces are visible so that the planner can recogniz e them in case they happen. It starts by identifying the decision where infinite number of stories tells of the future by telling the people that matter to make better decision. It begins by agreeing on the issue to be addressed and test of relevance of the issues. Scenario planning creates participation of the public and positive visioning.It helps to understand what you want by use of new technology in understanding impact of decisions made in a project and making informed decisions. Through scenario planning, community is able to understand their future and make tradeoffs by understanding the purpose of decisions made. (Bakeoff, 1988 pp17-23). Comparing SWOT and STEEP analysis Both of them begin with analyzing external environment of the business and there after looks at internal strengths and weaknesses of organization in relation to internal factors like prior performance and external factors.They combine analysis to look at organizations opportunities and threats to come up wi th plans in order to have opportunities for countering threats. Both of them help to develop effective corporate strategy. They are involved in changes in technology which they rarely consider as a threat and organization must make use of new improved technology so that it can produce final products that are of high quality and satisfy consumer needs and wantsContrasting SWOT and STEEP analysis SWOT assesses the business of your own or competitors while SPEEP assesses the market which includes competitors from standpoint of a business. SWOT analyses benefits all businesses by completing main competitors SWOT analysis which provide feedback into STEEP analysis economic aspects while STEEP analysis is useful and relevant when business is larger and complex but can still have one or two issues of importance in small businesses.SWOT analysis are used when business are starting to plan in order to identify the strength of business, weakness that may be encountered, available opportunitie s and threats. This is not a process of isolation but decisions taken should be based on findings while STEEP analysis looks for sociocultural, technological, economic and political factors and their impact on business. (Bakeoff, 1988 pp24-26).

The Work And Social Work - 1326 Words

1. By participating in this whole CARES program, I have learned a lot about myself. I know that I want to help people out as a profession, but never truly sure what I was going to major in. Social work was always a possibility, since I love helping people out. However, after taking part in this experience, I learned that the combination of legal work and social work was not a line of work that I am interested in. Another aspect that I took away from this assignment was that this profession is rewarding at times, but it’s also exhausting. I knew it was never going to be easy advocating for these clients, but I had no idea how much work truly went into fighting for someone’s deserved benefits. It wasn’t a shock to why the DPSS office†¦show more content†¦Eventually, we got our break and were able to help out about five other clients. 2. There were so many different skills that were involved when working with our clients. Many of the skills we used were considered basic ones that people should have. For example, we practiced our listening skills. Having the ability to listen to someone is like finding gold. It’s hard to help the client out, if the advocate is not being attentive/listening to them. Another skill that is very useful and that goes hand in hand with listening is being able to be patient with the client/participants. Two times in the DPSS office, I caught myself wanting to stop the client from giving me more information. The two clients, we helped were giving us information that didn’t line up with the evidence we had from their case/paperwork. My partner and I had one long case that went on for at least an hour or longer from start to finish. This client is a 64 year old African American women. Her name is Regina Armstrong. When we first approached her, she didn’t hesitate to ask us questions about her application. Kasey and I asked several questions regarding what she needed help with. Regina needed help figuring out why she wasn’t receiving money into her account. There were several loops that we had to jump through in order to get to the bottom of this issue. While working through this case many other problems kept coming to light. Eventually, Regina saw a worker and had Kasey go in with her toShow MoreRelatedCase Work and Social Work2978 Words   |  12 PagesCase work is not only the basic practice in professional Social Work but rather, a common practice followed by all. The traditional definition defines case work as â€Å"a method of helping individuals through a one-on-on relationship’’. Every individual trained or untrained indulges in case work. The difference is made by theoretical understanding and professional ethics, practices involved in professional case work. Mary Richmond in 1915 explains casework as â€Å"the art of doing different things for andRead MoreThe, The And Social Work779 Words   |  4 Pagesbe most beneficial to meeting their needs. Through this approach, it was possible to hypothesise that educa tion, welfare and social work would be strong focus areas for this research. Semi-structured interviews were utilised to explore the knowledge and viewpoints a sample of one home school liaison officer, a primary school head teacher, a looked after children s social worker and a welfare rights officer. The data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to identify codesRead MoreThe Social Work Field Work Performance1198 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction According to CNN Money the social work field is the one of Americas most overworked and underpaid professions. Essentially, they work hard and do more with very little resources. When the Great Recession occurred in 2007 the tax revenue declined. States have made spending cuts, drained reserves, and reduce necessary services. Majority of the programs targeted was that of much need social workers and nurses. Usually in lower income areas where families are affected the most. How can weRead MoreSocial Work Management and Its Relevance to the Social Work Profession8635 Words   |  35 PagesSOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIAL WORK PROFFESSION LAUREN DA SILVA Introduction. ...........................................................................................................4 The social work profession ........................................................................................5 {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Definition of management.......................Read MoreWhat Is Social Work?853 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT IS SOCIAL WORK? As a little kid when people would ask me what I wanted to be when I grow up, I honestly didn’t know but somehow the words â€Å"doctor† or â€Å"lawyer† would come out of my mouth. I knew early on that I wanted to help people and when we would have the career fair at school, the doctors or the lawyers were the ones who said they helped other individuals. In those early years of life I wasn’t exposed to many things but I was always eager to learn. As time passed and people asked me whatRead MoreSocial Work As a Profession685 Words   |  3 PagesChoosing social work as my future profession was a decision I made after much reflection, considering the fact that more than just a profession, social work is a vocation that I must commit to, professionally and personally. One of the main reasons why I decided to pursue social work as my future profession is that I have always been interested and passionate about social issues, particularly those I find relevant to my life. My experience living close to informal settlers in my community exposedRead MoreThe Development Of A Social Work1527 Words   |  7 Pages 1. Describe the development of your interest in social work. Please discuss any volunteer or paid experiences in human services, community work, or other experiences that contributed to your choice of social work as a profession. 1. My interest in social work began with taking a semester off of school during my undergraduate career. I was given the opportunity to live and work in Puerto Rico. This season away from classes allowed me time to search for a career and a major that would best fitRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Work797 Words   |  4 PagesSuch concentrations can include social work, community and youth work, counseling and therapy, and education. For me in particular, I am focusing more on the social work aspect of a sociology major. Having a social work concentration means you having a focus on certain core values. Some of these values include: service, social justice, integrity, and dignity of the individual. With a social work concentration, dignity of the individual is a key component. Social Workers have to be able to listenRead MoreReflection On Social Work855 Words   |  4 Pages Social Work Reflection Hope Marks Introduction to Macro Practice Social Work Reflection In the social work field, one comes across many kinds of people all the time. It is crucial that all social workers are intact with their biases and understand their competency. When a social worker starts in the field it is important for them to come to realize that everyone has biases they may or may not be aware of, as well as knowing their limitations when working with different kinds ofRead MoreSocial Work Report852 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to provide effective social work assessment with families you must have an understanding of family life in the range of contexts in all levels (Holosko, Dulmus, Sowers, 2013). Gary Holden at New York University worked to create Information Practice to provide news, publications, journal article abstracts, publications, and videos to be used as education to the professions of social services. The world wide web access is specific to helping social workers easily access resources that can

The Second Amendment Exceptions Essay - 1948 Words

Fourth Amendment: Exceptions Sir Edward Coke stated, â€Å"The house of everyone is to him as his Castle and Fortress as well for defense against injury and violence, as for his repose.† (qtd. in Pre- Founding†) This quote demonstrates the importance of one being secure in one’s home and belongings. No matter what home is, it is the â€Å"castle† and is used it to protect one from anything that could be a potential harm. This inalienable right, regarding searches and seizures, is one of the rights fought for during the Revolutionary War. This amendment adopted in 1792, is to ensure citizens to be secure in their houses, papers, and effects, and protect them from unreasonable searches and seizures with a reasonable cause to obtain a warrant. (â€Å"Fourth†) The idea of the Fourth Amendment dates back to the English common law, and has a large history containing illegal searches and seizures. This amendment is still broadly questioned and has resulted in many different interp retations involving Supreme Court cases. The history of the Fourth Amendment begins with the Semayne s case from 1604. This was long before the establishment of the Fourth Amendment, but was important in the formation of the amendment. Semayne s case acknowledged that the king could not intrude on his subjects, although in certain circumstances, with a lawful purpose and a warrant, the government could (Fourth). This case was revealed by the Attorney General of England, Sir Edward Coke (â€Å"Edward†).Show MoreRelatedJustice Scalia Often Uses The Texualist Approach When Arguing925 Words   |  4 Pagesvery narrow set of exceptions. According to Scalia, some content can â€Å"be regulated because of their constitutionally proscribable contents (obscenity, defamation, etc.).† Scalia’s argument is that there are certain exceptions in the text of the Constitution that allow for regulation of certain speech. He also grants that the â€Å"prohibition against content discrimination that we assert the First Amendment requires is not absolute.† In other words, the Constitution can give exceptions to its own constitutionallyRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The ultimate goal of this provision is to protect people’s right to privacy and freedom from arbitrary governmentalRead MoreThe Professional Baseball Association Selected Victoria City Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfound that the special needs exception to the Fourth Amendment applies to L.O. 1 923 because it addressed the special need of sex trafficking and was reasonable. Second†¦.. First, the special needs exception to the Fourth Amendment applies to L.O. 1923. The Board passed the ordinance for the primary purpose of protecting minors forced to engage in sex trafficking. This need was behind the normal needs of law enforcement and qualifies as a special need under the exception. The fact that law enforcementRead MorePolicy Proposal: Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause965 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing to exceptions that are allowed to speech and expression under the First Amendment (see boldface text). Restrictions on freedom of speech are currently permitted to be imposed on Speech that incites illegal or subversive activity Fighting words Symbolic expression Commercial speech Freedom of expression in public schools Obscenity and pornography Regulation of the Internet Artistic expression that may contain misleading or deceptive information Rationale: Exceptions to the freedomRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment : The Second Amendment943 Words   |  4 Pages The Fourth Amendment Noah Fleck November 30, 2015 My paper is going to be focused on the Fourth Amendment, which sets the baseline for searches and seizures. I will present what the Fourth Amendment is, what the rights of the individual are as stated in the Fourth Amendment, what limitations may be held within the Fourth Amendment, what must be included within the warrant, and more. I decided to write on this topic as I believe that it is important for us as citizens to knowRead MoreSearch And Seizure Exceptions . There Are Several Exceptions1400 Words   |  6 PagesSearch and seizure exceptions There are several exceptions to the principles of search and seizure. The plain view doctrine is an exception where evidence that is visible during a police search, even without a warrant, may be seized. This may be used in situations where a crime is in progress and an officer enters a residence. Any item within plain view that may be illegal will fall within this exception. It may also be used during a traffic stop. However, this exception is allowable only forRead MoreThe Rule Of The Exclusionary Rule1252 Words   |  6 Pagesearly 1900s, and it is a rule that some defendants who are involved in a felonious case tend to use as a remedy for unlawful searches that has a habit of violating their Fourth Amendment rights. This rule also dictates that any evidence that was unlawfully obtained should be ruled out as evidence under our Fourth Amendment, and the Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 is one of these cases that discusses this rule and evidences being excluded. Now, before this ru le was created, â€Å"any evidence was admissibleRead MoreOver The Past Decades The Fourth Amendment Of The United1586 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past decades The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution has been very controversial. One of the most debated issues in the courts and among civilians, with regards to the Fourth Amendment, is finding a precise and clear description of what is permissible by law, and also provides individuals their rights, and assures that law enforcement uses proper discretion. The median personnel in all cases involve law enforcement agencies. Generally speaking, if there is a court casesRead MoreMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1609 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurredRead MoreMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1610 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurred

Essay about Finding the Balance of Love and Freedom in...

Similar to many of the great feministic novels of its time, Jane Eyre purely emerges as a story focused on the quest for love. The novel’s protagonist, Jane, searches not only for the romantic side of love, but ultimately for a sense of self-worth and independence. Set in the overlapping times of the Victorian and Gothic periods, the novel touches upon both women’s supposed rights, and their inner struggle for liberty. Orphaned at an early age, Jane was born into a modest lifestyle, without any major parent roles to guide her through life’s obstacles. Instead, she spent much of her adolescent years locked in imaginary chains, serving those around her but never enjoying the many decadences life has to offer. It is not until Jane becomes a†¦show more content†¦Bronte, however, deliberately avoids many of the conventional ways of Victorian fiction, instead using many motifs from Gothic works. Throughout the course of the novel, it becomes clear that the no vel is not atypical Romance novel and does not dote on the mundane life of a Victorian woman but instead draws parallels from many sources. For the 1800s, Jane Eyre proves to be a revolutionary novel and paves the way for many feministic books to come. Jane stretches the boundary for a woman’s role in society, as the concept of individual freedom was virtually unknown during the precarious times of the 1800s. Arnold Markley further laments, â€Å"In the nineteenth century women had far less personal freedom, and there were few options available for them to support themselves outside of choosing to marry and raising children.† During the nineteenth century, many women accepted that their only place in society would be the home. There, they would cook, clean and take care of their children, living without any political rights or any freedoms. A women’s life was essentially chosen for her, as she had no social mobility unless it was through a planned marriage. Of ten, it was a custom during this century to marry not for love, but for security and status. Many women were rarely concerned with their independence in such a way that Jane Eyre does. But then again, many women areShow MoreRelatedThis essay is on Jane Eyre. The question was: How does Janes character change through the course of the novel?862 Words   |  3 Pagesthe abusive Reed family, her friendships at Lowood, her love of Mr Rochester and her time with the Rivers family, Jane s character remains strong and vigilant despite the hardships she endures. Through the course of the novel, Jane s character changes slightly but moreover reinforces itself as Jane uses people, situations and her personal experiences to gain knowledge, and assist her gaining her full character. From when she was a child, Jane had forthright values of herself and an example is whenRead More The Subtle Truth of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Subtle Truth of Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a woman in Victorian England was an unenviable one. Social demands and personal desires were often at cross-purposes. This predicament was nothing new in the 19th century, yet it was this period that would see the waters begin to stir in anticipation of the cascading changes about to shake the very foundation of an empire on the brink of global colonization and industrialization. The question of what role women would play in this transformationRead MoreJane, By Jane Eyre Essay2110 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the first section of the novel, we are constantly reminded of the barriers in which Jane is suppressed by. Through this figurative element we can come to terms with the development of the character of Jane Eyre. Jane is an intelligent, honest, plain-featured young girl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Although she meets with a series of individuals who threaten her autonomy, Jane repeatedly succeeds at asserting herself and maintains her principles of justice, humanRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pages for and about mothers. The Madwoman in the Attic was a landmark in feminist criticism. It focuses almost exclusively on the issue of gender in relation to women, though it refers brieï ¬â€šy to the ambiguous class position of governesses such as Jane Eyre. The authors analyse the intertwined processes of female rebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’s repressed passion. This was later to become an acceptedRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesAgathon, by Christoph Martin Wieland (1767)—often considered the first true Bildungsroman[9] Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96) 19th century[edit] Emma, by Jane Austen (1815) The Red and The Black, by Stendhal (1830) The Captain s Daughter, by Alexander Pushkin (1836) Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « (1847)[21] Pendennis, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1848–1850) David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850) Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[22] Great ExpectationsRead More Comparing the Feminine Quest in Surfacing and Song of Solomon3530 Words   |  15 Pageswas a lesser one anyway).   If for some reason he does pass back through his sponsoring community, he is not received as a prince returning home..      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The revised female journey became more fully hers, but like the male anti-hero, the Jane Eyres and Emma Bovarys become social outcasts and outlaws for refusing to remain in their duly assigned roles.   For a satisfactory conclusion to these stories, the audience required death or marriage - still generally portrayed as a final submission toRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesincreased my interest in the connection between the environment and economics: Conservation of Underdeveloped Countries and Environmental Impact Analysis. In the former, we studied the problems of natural resource management in developing countries. The balance is always tilted toward economic growth at the expense of environmental preservation. For example, because the Pantanal Wetland could become a highly productive agricultural system once it‘s drained, it is drained regardless of the destruction that

Discrimination women and aboriginals Essay Example For Students

Discrimination women and aboriginals Essay Discrimination is any situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on something other than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. Such categories would include ethnicity, sex, religion, age, or disability. Two types of discrimination my essay will include are Womens Rights and Indigenous Australians and the One Nation Party. Womens RightsUntil the second half of the 20th century, women in most societies were denied some of the legal and political rights accorded to men. Although women in much of the world have gained significant legal rights, many people believe that women still do not have complete political, economic, and social equality with men. Throughout much of history, deep-seated cultural beliefs allowed women only limited roles in society. Many people believed that womens natural roles were as mothers and wives. These people considered women to be better suited for childbearing and homemaking rather than for involvement in the public life of business or politics. Widespread belief that women were intellectually inferior to men led most societies to limit womens education to learning domestic skills. Well-educated, upper-class men controlled most positions of employment and power in society. Until the 19th century, the denial of equal rights to women met with only occasional protest and drew little attention from most people. Because most women lacked the educational and economic resources that would enable them to challenge the prevailing social order, women generally accepted their inferior status as their only option. At this time, women shared these disadvantages with the majority of working class men, as many social, economic, and political rights were restricted to the wealthy elite. In the late 18th century, in an attempt to remedy these inequalities among men, political theorists and philosophers asserted that all men were created equal and therefore were entitled to equal treatment under the law. In the 19th century, as governments in Europe and North America began to draft new laws guaranteeing equality among men, significant numbers of womenand some menbegan to demand that women be accorded equal rights as well. Womens Rights Today The status of womens rights today varies dramatically in different countries and, in some cases, among groups within the same country. Many disparities persist between womens legal rights and their economic status. Women today constitute nearly 70 percent of the worlds poor, despite international efforts to compensate women and men equally in the workplace. Indigenous AustraliansPauline Hansens One Nation Party made its first appearance in September 1996. The aim of the One Nation Party was to make sure that all Australians, no matter what their race, were treated equally with not one group receiving more benefits than another. For example Aboriginals receiving more benefits than non-Aboriginals. In Pauline Hansens maiden speech she said:Present governments are encouraging separatism in Australia by providing opportunities, land, money and facilities available only to Aboriginals. Along with millions of Australians, I am fed up to the back teeth with the inequalities that are being promoted by the government and paid for by the tax payer under the assumption that Aboriginals are the most disadvantaged people in Australia. I do not believe that the colour of ones skin determines whether you are disadvantaged.She also said:This nation is being divided into black and white, and the present system encourages this. I am fed up with being told, This is our land. Well, where the hell do I go? I was born here, and so were my parents and children. I will work beside anyone and they will be my equal but I draw the line when told I must pay and continue paying for something that happened over 200 years ago. Like most Australians, I worked for my land; no-one gave it to me.I agree with P auline Hansen when she said this nation is being divided into black and white because it is. Not because they receive more benefits than non-Aboriginal people but because they have their own sporting teams which in most cases wont allow non-Aboriginal people in, they also have their own pre-schools etc.

Corporate Decision Making Process Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Decision Making Process. Answer: Introduction: Corporate decision making is required by an organization at every step. Corporate decision making is a crucial process in which various options are evaluated by the managers of the company and then they make a crucial decision about the available options by choosing the best option from them. In capital budgeting techniques, corporate decision also plays a significant role. In this study, the corporate decision process in capital budgeting techniques has been analyzed. Capital budgeting is an investigation process in which various investment proposal are analyzed on the basis of various aspects. And then a best proposal is chose by the company to make more profits and satisfying the needs of customers as well as the stakeholders (Bodie, 2013). Various aspect of capital budgeting technique is evaluated on the basis of the total profit through that project, the total time period in which the company would be able to get back the entire amount, the internal rate of the project, accounti ng rate of return of the project etc. Normally, the process of capital budgeting technique is implemented by the companies to analyze the long term projects which have a life of more than 2-3 years. Corporate decision making is a tool which analyzes the project on the basis of various techniques such as break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). In this report, the decision process has been implemented according to the Net present value of the project, payback period of the project, internal rate of return , average rate of return etc. In addition, every firm investigates the entire available project according to various tools and techniques as the main motto of the company is to make high profits. For this, company considers the return factor from that project as well as entire associated risk with the project. So, it becomes essential for a firm to analyze every project according to the above discussion, so it becomes easy for the company to make profits and enjoy the growth in the market, basically, the projects of long term for a company could be new machineries, new market, new plants, new products, replacement of old technique, machineries etc. So for examining to find out the best project, a firm could consider the process of break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc. Sensitivity analysis: Sensitivity analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. this technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors make an impact over an individual aspect. In this process, an individual factor is taken into consideration and it has been analyzed that how the changes into the dependent factor could make an impact over that individual variable. This process is important to analyze the historical data and then male a prediction about the future performance of that project. Sensitive analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, present value factors, total cash inflow, total life of the project, discount rate etc. through this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to their historical data and the performance. In this analysis, the dependent and independent factors are analyzed and the project is investigated according to taking various assumptions. Such as if the present value factor of the project would be changed than the net present value amount of the project would also be changed whereas if the total time period of the project life would be changed than it would directly make an impact over the projects internal rate of return (Lumby Jones, 2007). In addition, the tool of sensitivity analysis assists firm to determine that how the projects factor and value would be changed, if the assumption which have been taken would change into the unrealistic value. In this process, the assumptions are changed by the managers according to their estimations and then sometimes, the project fails to offer them the same value which has been expected by the organization from that project. In this process, various assumptions are taken and than a graph is plotted along with the graph line of NPV to analyze the worth of the project and the profitability from that project. Further, it has been observed through a study over the sensitivity analysis that the shape the NPVs slope would be, the more the chances of the NPV to be more sensitive. (Tsanakas Millossovich, 2016) Sensitivity analysis is a simple technique and the associated cost f this project s also lesser so this technique is used by various companies widely to reach over a point and analyze the associated risk with the project. Mostly, these techniques are used by the firm to manage the funds and mitigate the risk. Scenario analysis: Scenario analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. This technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors make an impact over various individual aspects. Earlier, sensitive analysis was used by the companies to determine the project. But in this process, only changes into a single factor is examined which is not realistic in actual. In this process, various individual factors are taken into consideration and it has been analyzed that how the changes into the dependent factor could make an impact over that individual variable. This process do not look over the historical data instead of that, this process makes the possible outcome in future (Seitzinger et al, 2010). This process does not show a single picture of the project whereas it depicts various situations which could take place in future. Such as if these values would take place than the case would be average, if there would be few changes into the values positively and negatively than these values could be converted into worst and best case. Scenario analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it offers the detailed result of every situation and helps the organization to make a better decision after considering entire related aspects. Through this analysis all the related factors are analyzed such as exchange rate, yield, marketing cost, transportation cost, cash inflow, cash outflow, selling price, NPV etc. In this analysis, the dependent and independent factors are analyzed and the project is investigated according to taking various assumptions (Moles, Parrino Kidwekk, 2011). Such as if the present value factor of the project would be changed negatively than the project would be converted into best scenario and conversely, if the present value factor would be enhanced than the project would be converted into worst scenario. Normally, for analyzing a project according to the scenario analysis, probability distribution techniques are considered. As through these mathematical calculations, it becomes easy for the company to make a better decision about the projects. This analysis depict the manager that of these values would take place in future then the project would look like that much terrible, good or best (Grant, 2016). The project prediction is done by the managers after investigating over various factors such as compitetitors strategies, their point of view, economical condition, project prediction etc. the following scenarios are made by the managers of the company to analyze the project: Factors Normal case Best case Worst case Yield - + 10 % - 20% Exchange rate - + 10 % - 10% Transportation cost - -5% +20% Marketing cost - -5% +20% Sales cost - + 10 % - 20% Sales price 1.03 1.05 1.00 Cash inflow 17 % 29 % 1 % NPV 1 2.2 -2.7 Break even analysis: Breakeven analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. in this analysis, various factors such as selling price of the product, variable and fixed cost of the product are considered and according to that the best project is analyzed. This technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors such as fixed cost and variable cost make an impact over a project report. In this process, fixed cost and variable cost and selling cost of a project is analyzed and then a point is computed where the total income of the company is equal to the total cost of the company (Shim, Siegel and Shim, 2011). This process is important to analyze the entire cost related to the project and then make a decision about the performance of that project. Break even analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, total cash inflow, fixed cost and variable cost. In this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to their value and the performance. In this analysis, the contribution value of the project and fixed cost are analyzed and the project is investigated according to the total revenue (Gervais, Heaton and Odean, 2011). Such as if the variable cost of the project would be changed than the breakeven point of the project would also be changed whereas if the fixed cost of the project would be changed than it would also make an impact over the breakeven point of the project. Various tools of the investment proposal are investigated and then the breakeven level of a project is analyzed. In this analysis, a graph is plotted in which four lines are drawn of fixed cost, variable cost, total cost and total revenue. The point where the total cost line and total revenue line interacts with each other, that point is the breakeven point. It is crucial for ever organization to at least reach at this point as at that point the company is at the point where no loss would be faced by it. If a project offers the breakeven level to the company than this project must be considered by the company as a good investment proposal. The given graph depicts about the entire lines and the interaction point where the total revenue line intersects the total cost line (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer and McGowan, 2010). According to this graph if the company would be able to sell 3 units than the breakeven level could be achieved by the company at the same time, if the company would be able to earn $20 than the breakeven point would be interact. If further sales would be done than the company will start making the profits. Simulation techniques: Simulation technique analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. This technique is evaluated to identify the various projects which are available. In this process, the infinite calculations and evaluations are done to reach over a possible outcome and probabilities for identify the best condition of that project. This process is important to analyze the risk factor of the project and then make a prediction about the future performance of that project (Wright, Daugaard, Satrio and Brown, 2010). Simulation technical analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, interest rate, present value factors, total cash inflow, total life of the project, discount rate etc. through this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to probabilities and the calculations. In this analysis, the interest factors are analyzed and these values are kept aside for the later analysis (Damodaran, 2011). This analysis is also known as Monte Carlo Simulation. In this technique a random value is chose by the managers and predictions are made according to that. It helps the manager by offering them a judgemental method to identify the performance of the project. In this analysis, probability distribution is analyzed over net present value of the project instead of looking over a single value of the net present value. All the related factors are tied in this process and after analyzing the entire factors, a decision is made in this process (Burns and Walker, 2015). This analysis goes through many steps in which the factors of the projects are analyzed, mathematical calculations are considered, probability distribution is taking into concern to reach over an outcome. In this technique, cash flows are revealed and investigated to analyze the entire related factor and the association of very factor with other factors. Thus this technique helps the company to look over the best project according to the risk factor. Conclusion: To conclude, in the case of capital budgeting techniques, corporate decision also plays a significant role. In this study, the corporate decision process in capital budgeting techniques has been analyzed. Corporate decision making is a tool which analyzes the project on the basis of various techniques such as break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc. So for examining to find out the best project, the above techniques have been analyzed. It has been observed that every technique is different from each other and offers the best decision according to their process such as sensitivity analysis look over the historical data and make a better decision whereas the scenario analysis makes a prediction according to the current scenario. At the same time, break even analysis and simulation technique offers and outcome after considering the mathematical calculations and probability distributions respectively. Thus it could be said that entire risk evaluation techniques are best in their manner. References: Barlow.J.F.,2006, Excel models for business and operations management, 2nd edition, John Wiley sons ltd, England Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge Bodie, Z., 2013. Investments. McGraw-Hill. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Damodaran, A, 2011, Applied corporate finance,3rd edition, John Wiley sons, USA Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(4), pp.792-793. Gervais, S., Heaton, J.B. and Odean, T., 2011. Overconfidence, compensation contracts, and capital budgeting. The Journal of Finance, 66(5), pp.1735-1777. Grant, R.M., 2016. Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Lumby,S Jones,C,.2007,Corporate finance theory practice, 7th edition, Thomson, London Moles, P. Parrino, R Kidwekk, D,.2011, Corporate finance, European edition, John Wiley sons, United Kingdom Seitzinger, S.P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A.F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A.H.W., Billen, G., cht, v., G, Dumont, E.L., Fekete, B.M., Garnier, J. Harrison, J. 2010, "Global River Nutrient Export: A Scenario Analysis of Past and Future Trends", Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 24, pp. GB0A08-GB0A08. Shim, J.K., Siegel, J.G. and Shim, A.I., 2011. Budgeting basics and beyond (Vol. 574). John Wiley Sons. Tsanakas, A. Millossovich, P. 2016, "Sensitivity Analysis Using Risk Measures", Risk Analysis, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 30-48. Wright, M.M., Daugaard, D.E., Satrio, J.A. and Brown, R.C., 2010. Techno-economic analysis of biomass fast pyrolysis to transportation fuels. Fuel, 89, pp.S2-S10.