The Second Amendment Exceptions Essay - 1948 Words

Fourth Amendment: Exceptions Sir Edward Coke stated, â€Å"The house of everyone is to him as his Castle and Fortress as well for defense against injury and violence, as for his repose.† (qtd. in Pre- Founding†) This quote demonstrates the importance of one being secure in one’s home and belongings. No matter what home is, it is the â€Å"castle† and is used it to protect one from anything that could be a potential harm. This inalienable right, regarding searches and seizures, is one of the rights fought for during the Revolutionary War. This amendment adopted in 1792, is to ensure citizens to be secure in their houses, papers, and effects, and protect them from unreasonable searches and seizures with a reasonable cause to obtain a warrant. (â€Å"Fourth†) The idea of the Fourth Amendment dates back to the English common law, and has a large history containing illegal searches and seizures. This amendment is still broadly questioned and has resulted in many different interp retations involving Supreme Court cases. The history of the Fourth Amendment begins with the Semayne s case from 1604. This was long before the establishment of the Fourth Amendment, but was important in the formation of the amendment. Semayne s case acknowledged that the king could not intrude on his subjects, although in certain circumstances, with a lawful purpose and a warrant, the government could (Fourth). This case was revealed by the Attorney General of England, Sir Edward Coke (â€Å"Edward†).Show MoreRelatedJustice Scalia Often Uses The Texualist Approach When Arguing925 Words   |  4 Pagesvery narrow set of exceptions. According to Scalia, some content can â€Å"be regulated because of their constitutionally proscribable contents (obscenity, defamation, etc.).† Scalia’s argument is that there are certain exceptions in the text of the Constitution that allow for regulation of certain speech. He also grants that the â€Å"prohibition against content discrimination that we assert the First Amendment requires is not absolute.† In other words, the Constitution can give exceptions to its own constitutionallyRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The U.s. Constitution1332 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The ultimate goal of this provision is to protect people’s right to privacy and freedom from arbitrary governmentalRead MoreThe Professional Baseball Association Selected Victoria City Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfound that the special needs exception to the Fourth Amendment applies to L.O. 1 923 because it addressed the special need of sex trafficking and was reasonable. Second†¦.. First, the special needs exception to the Fourth Amendment applies to L.O. 1923. The Board passed the ordinance for the primary purpose of protecting minors forced to engage in sex trafficking. This need was behind the normal needs of law enforcement and qualifies as a special need under the exception. The fact that law enforcementRead MorePolicy Proposal: Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause965 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing to exceptions that are allowed to speech and expression under the First Amendment (see boldface text). Restrictions on freedom of speech are currently permitted to be imposed on Speech that incites illegal or subversive activity Fighting words Symbolic expression Commercial speech Freedom of expression in public schools Obscenity and pornography Regulation of the Internet Artistic expression that may contain misleading or deceptive information Rationale: Exceptions to the freedomRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment : The Second Amendment943 Words   |  4 Pages The Fourth Amendment Noah Fleck November 30, 2015 My paper is going to be focused on the Fourth Amendment, which sets the baseline for searches and seizures. I will present what the Fourth Amendment is, what the rights of the individual are as stated in the Fourth Amendment, what limitations may be held within the Fourth Amendment, what must be included within the warrant, and more. I decided to write on this topic as I believe that it is important for us as citizens to knowRead MoreSearch And Seizure Exceptions . There Are Several Exceptions1400 Words   |  6 PagesSearch and seizure exceptions There are several exceptions to the principles of search and seizure. The plain view doctrine is an exception where evidence that is visible during a police search, even without a warrant, may be seized. This may be used in situations where a crime is in progress and an officer enters a residence. Any item within plain view that may be illegal will fall within this exception. It may also be used during a traffic stop. However, this exception is allowable only forRead MoreThe Rule Of The Exclusionary Rule1252 Words   |  6 Pagesearly 1900s, and it is a rule that some defendants who are involved in a felonious case tend to use as a remedy for unlawful searches that has a habit of violating their Fourth Amendment rights. This rule also dictates that any evidence that was unlawfully obtained should be ruled out as evidence under our Fourth Amendment, and the Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 is one of these cases that discusses this rule and evidences being excluded. Now, before this ru le was created, â€Å"any evidence was admissibleRead MoreOver The Past Decades The Fourth Amendment Of The United1586 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past decades The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution has been very controversial. One of the most debated issues in the courts and among civilians, with regards to the Fourth Amendment, is finding a precise and clear description of what is permissible by law, and also provides individuals their rights, and assures that law enforcement uses proper discretion. The median personnel in all cases involve law enforcement agencies. Generally speaking, if there is a court casesRead MoreMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1609 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurredRead MoreMissouri V. Mcneely ( 2013 )1610 Words   |  7 PagesMissouri v. McNeely(2013) was a case decided by the US Supreme Court on an appeal from the Supreme Court in Missouri, regarding exceptions to the Fourth Amendment under exigent circumstances. On October 3, 2010, Tyler Gabriel McNeely was stopped by a police officer in Missouri for speeding and crossing over a centerline. The police officer asked McNeely if he could take a breath test to measure his blood alcohol level because he had noticed signs of intoxication, including bloodshot eyes, slurred

Essay about Finding the Balance of Love and Freedom in...

Similar to many of the great feministic novels of its time, Jane Eyre purely emerges as a story focused on the quest for love. The novel’s protagonist, Jane, searches not only for the romantic side of love, but ultimately for a sense of self-worth and independence. Set in the overlapping times of the Victorian and Gothic periods, the novel touches upon both women’s supposed rights, and their inner struggle for liberty. Orphaned at an early age, Jane was born into a modest lifestyle, without any major parent roles to guide her through life’s obstacles. Instead, she spent much of her adolescent years locked in imaginary chains, serving those around her but never enjoying the many decadences life has to offer. It is not until Jane becomes a†¦show more content†¦Bronte, however, deliberately avoids many of the conventional ways of Victorian fiction, instead using many motifs from Gothic works. Throughout the course of the novel, it becomes clear that the no vel is not atypical Romance novel and does not dote on the mundane life of a Victorian woman but instead draws parallels from many sources. For the 1800s, Jane Eyre proves to be a revolutionary novel and paves the way for many feministic books to come. Jane stretches the boundary for a woman’s role in society, as the concept of individual freedom was virtually unknown during the precarious times of the 1800s. Arnold Markley further laments, â€Å"In the nineteenth century women had far less personal freedom, and there were few options available for them to support themselves outside of choosing to marry and raising children.† During the nineteenth century, many women accepted that their only place in society would be the home. There, they would cook, clean and take care of their children, living without any political rights or any freedoms. A women’s life was essentially chosen for her, as she had no social mobility unless it was through a planned marriage. Of ten, it was a custom during this century to marry not for love, but for security and status. Many women were rarely concerned with their independence in such a way that Jane Eyre does. But then again, many women areShow MoreRelatedThis essay is on Jane Eyre. The question was: How does Janes character change through the course of the novel?862 Words   |  3 Pagesthe abusive Reed family, her friendships at Lowood, her love of Mr Rochester and her time with the Rivers family, Jane s character remains strong and vigilant despite the hardships she endures. Through the course of the novel, Jane s character changes slightly but moreover reinforces itself as Jane uses people, situations and her personal experiences to gain knowledge, and assist her gaining her full character. From when she was a child, Jane had forthright values of herself and an example is whenRead More The Subtle Truth of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Subtle Truth of Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a woman in Victorian England was an unenviable one. Social demands and personal desires were often at cross-purposes. This predicament was nothing new in the 19th century, yet it was this period that would see the waters begin to stir in anticipation of the cascading changes about to shake the very foundation of an empire on the brink of global colonization and industrialization. The question of what role women would play in this transformationRead MoreJane, By Jane Eyre Essay2110 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the first section of the novel, we are constantly reminded of the barriers in which Jane is suppressed by. Through this figurative element we can come to terms with the development of the character of Jane Eyre. Jane is an intelligent, honest, plain-featured young girl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Although she meets with a series of individuals who threaten her autonomy, Jane repeatedly succeeds at asserting herself and maintains her principles of justice, humanRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pages for and about mothers. The Madwoman in the Attic was a landmark in feminist criticism. It focuses almost exclusively on the issue of gender in relation to women, though it refers brieï ¬â€šy to the ambiguous class position of governesses such as Jane Eyre. The authors analyse the intertwined processes of female rebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’s repressed passion. This was later to become an acceptedRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesAgathon, by Christoph Martin Wieland (1767)—often considered the first true Bildungsroman[9] Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1795–96) 19th century[edit] Emma, by Jane Austen (1815) The Red and The Black, by Stendhal (1830) The Captain s Daughter, by Alexander Pushkin (1836) Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà « (1847)[21] Pendennis, by William Makepeace Thackeray (1848–1850) David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850) Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[22] Great ExpectationsRead More Comparing the Feminine Quest in Surfacing and Song of Solomon3530 Words   |  15 Pageswas a lesser one anyway).   If for some reason he does pass back through his sponsoring community, he is not received as a prince returning home..      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The revised female journey became more fully hers, but like the male anti-hero, the Jane Eyres and Emma Bovarys become social outcasts and outlaws for refusing to remain in their duly assigned roles.   For a satisfactory conclusion to these stories, the audience required death or marriage - still generally portrayed as a final submission toRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesincreased my interest in the connection between the environment and economics: Conservation of Underdeveloped Countries and Environmental Impact Analysis. In the former, we studied the problems of natural resource management in developing countries. The balance is always tilted toward economic growth at the expense of environmental preservation. For example, because the Pantanal Wetland could become a highly productive agricultural system once it‘s drained, it is drained regardless of the destruction that

Discrimination women and aboriginals Essay Example For Students

Discrimination women and aboriginals Essay Discrimination is any situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on something other than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. Such categories would include ethnicity, sex, religion, age, or disability. Two types of discrimination my essay will include are Womens Rights and Indigenous Australians and the One Nation Party. Womens RightsUntil the second half of the 20th century, women in most societies were denied some of the legal and political rights accorded to men. Although women in much of the world have gained significant legal rights, many people believe that women still do not have complete political, economic, and social equality with men. Throughout much of history, deep-seated cultural beliefs allowed women only limited roles in society. Many people believed that womens natural roles were as mothers and wives. These people considered women to be better suited for childbearing and homemaking rather than for involvement in the public life of business or politics. Widespread belief that women were intellectually inferior to men led most societies to limit womens education to learning domestic skills. Well-educated, upper-class men controlled most positions of employment and power in society. Until the 19th century, the denial of equal rights to women met with only occasional protest and drew little attention from most people. Because most women lacked the educational and economic resources that would enable them to challenge the prevailing social order, women generally accepted their inferior status as their only option. At this time, women shared these disadvantages with the majority of working class men, as many social, economic, and political rights were restricted to the wealthy elite. In the late 18th century, in an attempt to remedy these inequalities among men, political theorists and philosophers asserted that all men were created equal and therefore were entitled to equal treatment under the law. In the 19th century, as governments in Europe and North America began to draft new laws guaranteeing equality among men, significant numbers of womenand some menbegan to demand that women be accorded equal rights as well. Womens Rights Today The status of womens rights today varies dramatically in different countries and, in some cases, among groups within the same country. Many disparities persist between womens legal rights and their economic status. Women today constitute nearly 70 percent of the worlds poor, despite international efforts to compensate women and men equally in the workplace. Indigenous AustraliansPauline Hansens One Nation Party made its first appearance in September 1996. The aim of the One Nation Party was to make sure that all Australians, no matter what their race, were treated equally with not one group receiving more benefits than another. For example Aboriginals receiving more benefits than non-Aboriginals. In Pauline Hansens maiden speech she said:Present governments are encouraging separatism in Australia by providing opportunities, land, money and facilities available only to Aboriginals. Along with millions of Australians, I am fed up to the back teeth with the inequalities that are being promoted by the government and paid for by the tax payer under the assumption that Aboriginals are the most disadvantaged people in Australia. I do not believe that the colour of ones skin determines whether you are disadvantaged.She also said:This nation is being divided into black and white, and the present system encourages this. I am fed up with being told, This is our land. Well, where the hell do I go? I was born here, and so were my parents and children. I will work beside anyone and they will be my equal but I draw the line when told I must pay and continue paying for something that happened over 200 years ago. Like most Australians, I worked for my land; no-one gave it to me.I agree with P auline Hansen when she said this nation is being divided into black and white because it is. Not because they receive more benefits than non-Aboriginal people but because they have their own sporting teams which in most cases wont allow non-Aboriginal people in, they also have their own pre-schools etc.

Corporate Decision Making Process Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Decision Making Process. Answer: Introduction: Corporate decision making is required by an organization at every step. Corporate decision making is a crucial process in which various options are evaluated by the managers of the company and then they make a crucial decision about the available options by choosing the best option from them. In capital budgeting techniques, corporate decision also plays a significant role. In this study, the corporate decision process in capital budgeting techniques has been analyzed. Capital budgeting is an investigation process in which various investment proposal are analyzed on the basis of various aspects. And then a best proposal is chose by the company to make more profits and satisfying the needs of customers as well as the stakeholders (Bodie, 2013). Various aspect of capital budgeting technique is evaluated on the basis of the total profit through that project, the total time period in which the company would be able to get back the entire amount, the internal rate of the project, accounti ng rate of return of the project etc. Normally, the process of capital budgeting technique is implemented by the companies to analyze the long term projects which have a life of more than 2-3 years. Corporate decision making is a tool which analyzes the project on the basis of various techniques such as break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). In this report, the decision process has been implemented according to the Net present value of the project, payback period of the project, internal rate of return , average rate of return etc. In addition, every firm investigates the entire available project according to various tools and techniques as the main motto of the company is to make high profits. For this, company considers the return factor from that project as well as entire associated risk with the project. So, it becomes essential for a firm to analyze every project according to the above discussion, so it becomes easy for the company to make profits and enjoy the growth in the market, basically, the projects of long term for a company could be new machineries, new market, new plants, new products, replacement of old technique, machineries etc. So for examining to find out the best project, a firm could consider the process of break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc. Sensitivity analysis: Sensitivity analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. this technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors make an impact over an individual aspect. In this process, an individual factor is taken into consideration and it has been analyzed that how the changes into the dependent factor could make an impact over that individual variable. This process is important to analyze the historical data and then male a prediction about the future performance of that project. Sensitive analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, present value factors, total cash inflow, total life of the project, discount rate etc. through this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to their historical data and the performance. In this analysis, the dependent and independent factors are analyzed and the project is investigated according to taking various assumptions. Such as if the present value factor of the project would be changed than the net present value amount of the project would also be changed whereas if the total time period of the project life would be changed than it would directly make an impact over the projects internal rate of return (Lumby Jones, 2007). In addition, the tool of sensitivity analysis assists firm to determine that how the projects factor and value would be changed, if the assumption which have been taken would change into the unrealistic value. In this process, the assumptions are changed by the managers according to their estimations and then sometimes, the project fails to offer them the same value which has been expected by the organization from that project. In this process, various assumptions are taken and than a graph is plotted along with the graph line of NPV to analyze the worth of the project and the profitability from that project. Further, it has been observed through a study over the sensitivity analysis that the shape the NPVs slope would be, the more the chances of the NPV to be more sensitive. (Tsanakas Millossovich, 2016) Sensitivity analysis is a simple technique and the associated cost f this project s also lesser so this technique is used by various companies widely to reach over a point and analyze the associated risk with the project. Mostly, these techniques are used by the firm to manage the funds and mitigate the risk. Scenario analysis: Scenario analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. This technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors make an impact over various individual aspects. Earlier, sensitive analysis was used by the companies to determine the project. But in this process, only changes into a single factor is examined which is not realistic in actual. In this process, various individual factors are taken into consideration and it has been analyzed that how the changes into the dependent factor could make an impact over that individual variable. This process do not look over the historical data instead of that, this process makes the possible outcome in future (Seitzinger et al, 2010). This process does not show a single picture of the project whereas it depicts various situations which could take place in future. Such as if these values would take place than the case would be average, if there would be few changes into the values positively and negatively than these values could be converted into worst and best case. Scenario analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it offers the detailed result of every situation and helps the organization to make a better decision after considering entire related aspects. Through this analysis all the related factors are analyzed such as exchange rate, yield, marketing cost, transportation cost, cash inflow, cash outflow, selling price, NPV etc. In this analysis, the dependent and independent factors are analyzed and the project is investigated according to taking various assumptions (Moles, Parrino Kidwekk, 2011). Such as if the present value factor of the project would be changed negatively than the project would be converted into best scenario and conversely, if the present value factor would be enhanced than the project would be converted into worst scenario. Normally, for analyzing a project according to the scenario analysis, probability distribution techniques are considered. As through these mathematical calculations, it becomes easy for the company to make a better decision about the projects. This analysis depict the manager that of these values would take place in future then the project would look like that much terrible, good or best (Grant, 2016). The project prediction is done by the managers after investigating over various factors such as compitetitors strategies, their point of view, economical condition, project prediction etc. the following scenarios are made by the managers of the company to analyze the project: Factors Normal case Best case Worst case Yield - + 10 % - 20% Exchange rate - + 10 % - 10% Transportation cost - -5% +20% Marketing cost - -5% +20% Sales cost - + 10 % - 20% Sales price 1.03 1.05 1.00 Cash inflow 17 % 29 % 1 % NPV 1 2.2 -2.7 Break even analysis: Breakeven analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. in this analysis, various factors such as selling price of the product, variable and fixed cost of the product are considered and according to that the best project is analyzed. This technique is evaluated to identify that how diverse factors such as fixed cost and variable cost make an impact over a project report. In this process, fixed cost and variable cost and selling cost of a project is analyzed and then a point is computed where the total income of the company is equal to the total cost of the company (Shim, Siegel and Shim, 2011). This process is important to analyze the entire cost related to the project and then make a decision about the performance of that project. Break even analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, total cash inflow, fixed cost and variable cost. In this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to their value and the performance. In this analysis, the contribution value of the project and fixed cost are analyzed and the project is investigated according to the total revenue (Gervais, Heaton and Odean, 2011). Such as if the variable cost of the project would be changed than the breakeven point of the project would also be changed whereas if the fixed cost of the project would be changed than it would also make an impact over the breakeven point of the project. Various tools of the investment proposal are investigated and then the breakeven level of a project is analyzed. In this analysis, a graph is plotted in which four lines are drawn of fixed cost, variable cost, total cost and total revenue. The point where the total cost line and total revenue line interacts with each other, that point is the breakeven point. It is crucial for ever organization to at least reach at this point as at that point the company is at the point where no loss would be faced by it. If a project offers the breakeven level to the company than this project must be considered by the company as a good investment proposal. The given graph depicts about the entire lines and the interaction point where the total revenue line intersects the total cost line (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer and McGowan, 2010). According to this graph if the company would be able to sell 3 units than the breakeven level could be achieved by the company at the same time, if the company would be able to earn $20 than the breakeven point would be interact. If further sales would be done than the company will start making the profits. Simulation techniques: Simulation technique analysis is a tool of corporate decision making which is used in various situations by the company to make a better decision for achieving the goal of the company. This technique is evaluated to identify the various projects which are available. In this process, the infinite calculations and evaluations are done to reach over a possible outcome and probabilities for identify the best condition of that project. This process is important to analyze the risk factor of the project and then make a prediction about the future performance of that project (Wright, Daugaard, Satrio and Brown, 2010). Simulation technical analysis tool is crucial in the process of capital budgeting technique, as it evaluates the value of entire cash outflow, interest rate, present value factors, total cash inflow, total life of the project, discount rate etc. through this analysis all the above factors are investigated according to probabilities and the calculations. In this analysis, the interest factors are analyzed and these values are kept aside for the later analysis (Damodaran, 2011). This analysis is also known as Monte Carlo Simulation. In this technique a random value is chose by the managers and predictions are made according to that. It helps the manager by offering them a judgemental method to identify the performance of the project. In this analysis, probability distribution is analyzed over net present value of the project instead of looking over a single value of the net present value. All the related factors are tied in this process and after analyzing the entire factors, a decision is made in this process (Burns and Walker, 2015). This analysis goes through many steps in which the factors of the projects are analyzed, mathematical calculations are considered, probability distribution is taking into concern to reach over an outcome. In this technique, cash flows are revealed and investigated to analyze the entire related factor and the association of very factor with other factors. Thus this technique helps the company to look over the best project according to the risk factor. Conclusion: To conclude, in the case of capital budgeting techniques, corporate decision also plays a significant role. In this study, the corporate decision process in capital budgeting techniques has been analyzed. Corporate decision making is a tool which analyzes the project on the basis of various techniques such as break even analysis, scenario analysis, sensitivity analysis, simulation technique etc. So for examining to find out the best project, the above techniques have been analyzed. It has been observed that every technique is different from each other and offers the best decision according to their process such as sensitivity analysis look over the historical data and make a better decision whereas the scenario analysis makes a prediction according to the current scenario. At the same time, break even analysis and simulation technique offers and outcome after considering the mathematical calculations and probability distributions respectively. Thus it could be said that entire risk evaluation techniques are best in their manner. References: Barlow.J.F.,2006, Excel models for business and operations management, 2nd edition, John Wiley sons ltd, England Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge Bodie, Z., 2013. Investments. McGraw-Hill. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Damodaran, A, 2011, Applied corporate finance,3rd edition, John Wiley sons, USA Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2010. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(4), pp.792-793. Gervais, S., Heaton, J.B. and Odean, T., 2011. Overconfidence, compensation contracts, and capital budgeting. The Journal of Finance, 66(5), pp.1735-1777. Grant, R.M., 2016. Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Lumby,S Jones,C,.2007,Corporate finance theory practice, 7th edition, Thomson, London Moles, P. Parrino, R Kidwekk, D,.2011, Corporate finance, European edition, John Wiley sons, United Kingdom Seitzinger, S.P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A.F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A.H.W., Billen, G., cht, v., G, Dumont, E.L., Fekete, B.M., Garnier, J. Harrison, J. 2010, "Global River Nutrient Export: A Scenario Analysis of Past and Future Trends", Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 24, pp. GB0A08-GB0A08. Shim, J.K., Siegel, J.G. and Shim, A.I., 2011. Budgeting basics and beyond (Vol. 574). John Wiley Sons. Tsanakas, A. Millossovich, P. 2016, "Sensitivity Analysis Using Risk Measures", Risk Analysis, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 30-48. Wright, M.M., Daugaard, D.E., Satrio, J.A. and Brown, R.C., 2010. Techno-economic analysis of biomass fast pyrolysis to transportation fuels. Fuel, 89, pp.S2-S10.

Human Error and Human-Computer Interaction Essay Example

Human Error and Human-Computer Interaction Essay The context of human error has been considered as one of the most important issues because of its enormous effect in both human and economic aspects. Accordingly, all humans have experienced human error. Errors can be made when people interact with machines and other complex systems. Herein, people have a tendency to do things which are contrary to their expectations and intentions. Depending on the complexness of a certain system and the human intentions that interacts with it, errors can be anything from a discomfort (which are often unnoticeable) to a actual tragedy or calamity. Human error an happen in the plan, design, management, operation as well as maintenance of complex systems characterized by the modern life. Since humans, depend largely and increasingly on these systems to have a better living, it is transparent that human error has a potentialities and has a frequent source of risks to human life and welfare as well as the natural environment (Senders Moray, 1991). Errors in human can result in both human and economic cost. In line with the human factor, errors can result to anxiety, depression, disappointment and stress at work which may result in the inability of the individual to finish their tasks or responsibilities effectively and mat also lead to negative emotions. In terms of the economic aspects, the economic costs largely depend on the error numbers as well as the time spent in the diagnosis of such error and the recovery. Because of these enormous effects, researchers and scholars has spend their time in analyzing and understanding the context of human error. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Error and Human-Computer Interaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Error and Human-Computer Interaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Error and Human-Computer Interaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are various areas or fields in which human can occur, and one of these is the errors in Human-computer interaction (HCI). Primarily, the main goal of this paper is to determine the relations of human error with Human-computer interaction. Part of the discussion of the topic is the definition of human error and the types of human errors. This paper also attempts to provide practical examples of human errors and the future perspectives, reduction and prevention of human error. Pertinent conclusion will also be provided to summarize the findings of this report. For many years, many scholars and researchers has been trying to determine the nature and definition of human error. Human error is regarded as departure from expected, desirable and acceptable practice on the individual part which can result in undesirable and unacceptable results or outcome. Accordingly, human error has played a very crucial role in various large-scale hazardous and life-threatening events and occurrences (Reason, 1990). Some researchers believed that human error might not be an accident because of itself but it might be a result of multiple factors which are not able to control (Reason, 1990). As mentioned earlier, human error can error in various fields from military, politics, economic, computer systems, medical fields, engineering and others. It is said that errors, specifically the human errors are rare occurrences as compared with correct actions or successes. The kinds in which errors can take are restricted and may appear in variety of contexts, but only a few behavioral approaches seems to be accountable for all such errors (Rizzo, Bagnara Visciola, 1987). Nonetheless, comparable types of errors can be seen in perception, speech, problem solving, decision making and actions. However, human errors are less likely to happen tasks are automatic or skilled based such as driving, than when the action call for a rule or process to be considered. It is noted that those actions which call for the utilization of knowledge to solve new issues and conflicts are regarded as the most vulnerable tasks to human errors. The reason for this is because knowledge, like principle, should be translated into correct course of concrete actions, hence, error can be encountered in this translation process (Bogner, 1994). An error has always been attributed to a mismatch of the computer system to human nature and capabilities (Rasmussen, 1987). To illustrate, controversies, technical problem, lost files, or other mistakes in relation to the use of computers are often blamed to either the machine or the human. Errors paved the way to the creation of back up files, for example, and the improvement and innovation of machines to assist humans in working or accomplishing their tasks faster and easier. Human error definition has not only been the subject of the interest of the scholars and researchers but also the types of human error. According to some scholars there are two types of human errors in accordance with the systematic causes of failure. These types of human error include the active errors and latent errors. As Reason (1990) has noted, active errors are errors whose effects are immediately felt. Such errors include syntax error which prevents the efficient compilation or invalid algorithms. On the other hand, Reason (1990) has defined latent errors as errors in which adverse consequences may lie dormant within the system for a long period, and only becomes obvious when such is combined with other factors to hinder the defenses of the system. Aside from Reason, Rasmussen (1982) has also been able to provide other types of human error and these include knowledge based, rule based and skill based human error (see Appendix 1). The taxonomy of human errors is needed when discussing or understanding errors that people encounter with the use of machine. Examples of errors include functionality problems, usability problems, inefficiency, and interaction problems. Functionality Problems Functionality problems refer to the mismatch between the task and the program. This mismatch occurs when ones plan has not been accomplished or one’s goal has not been achieved with the use of particular computer program. Functionality problems are classified according to technical criteria like origin in the process of software development and consequences for the action process (see Appendix 2; Brodbeck et al. , 1992). Usability Problems Although the functionality of a computer program is sufficient for a certain task, errors still occur. They can be caused by a mismatch between user and computer, called mismatch of usability. From an action-theory perspective, mismatches of usability can be differentiated according to steps in the action process and different levels of action regulation. A common hypothesis in action theory is that actions are goal-oriented (Volpert et al. , 1987). Within this approach, the action process comprises goal and plan development, the execution of actions as well as monitoring, and feedback processes (Lewis Norman, 1986). Similar to Hacker (1986), three levels of action regulation are distinguished within the framework of hierarchically organized action plans and goals. There are at least three aspects of the knowledge base for regulation: knowledge of facts, knowledge of procedures, and understanding in the sense of mental models. This knowledge is used to develop goals and plans. Errors arising from usability problems include errors in knowledge, thought, memory, judgment, errors on the level of flexible action patterns habit, omission, recognition, and sensimotor (see Appendix 3. Knowledge errors occur when one is unable to do a task with the computer because one does not know certain commands, function keys, rules, and so forth. Thought errors occur when goals and plans are inadequately developed or when wrong decisions are made in the assignment of plans and subplans although the user knows all the necessary features of the system. Memory errors occur when a certain part of the plan is forgotten and not executed, although the goals and plans were initially correctly specified. Judgment errors appear when one cannot understand or interpret the computer feedback after an input. Errors on the level of flexible action patterns occur when well-known actions are performed. Habit errors imply that a correct action is performed in a wrong situation. Omission errors happen when a person does not execute a well-known subplan. This is most likely when the person is interrupted in an action plan. Recognition errors appear when a well-known message is not noticed or is confused with another one. Finally, sensorimotor errors are placed at the sensorimotor level. There is only one category here because, at this level, it is empirically difficult to differentiate among planning, monitoring, and feedback (see Appendix 4; Brodbeck et al. , 1992). Inefficiency Errors and inefficient behavior have a large conceptual overlap. A detour to reach a goal may be conceptualized as an inefficiency but also as an error, because usually ones goal is to proceed in the most straightforward manner. If there is any differentiation between the two terms, inefficiency could be formally defined as any deviation from an optimal action path (Volpert et al. , 1981). However, this conceptualization has its difficulties: it may be more cost effective, in the psychological sense, to use a strategy that is inefficient in the formal sense because setting up plans and differentiated calculations for them also imply psychological costs (Schonpflug, 1985). Interaction Problems Interaction problems suggest that human error occurs not because of individual problems with the computer, but because of the mismatch between individuals. Although the individuals actions are more or less correct, an error occurs because of an organizational lack of coordination, unclear task allocation, or because of lack of communication between individuals (Brodbeck et al. , 1992).

The Commonly Confused Wait and Weight

The Commonly Confused Wait and Weight The words wait and weight are homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. The verb wait means to stay in place until something else happens. As a noun, wait refers to the time spent waiting. The verb weight means to load down or make heavier. The noun weight refers to a measure of heaviness or to an object used to hold something down. Examples You cant wait for inspiration; you have to go after it with a club. (Jack London)After a long wait for luggage, I took a cab to my hotel.Any object is dragged down when a heavy weight is tied to it. Practice (a) Every year, people make resolutions to exercise and lose _____.(b) I couldnt _____ for success, so I went ahead without it.(c) One end of the belt was attached to a five-pound _____.(d) The _____ was agonizing, and our thirst became almost unbearable. Answers (a) Every year, people make resolutions to exercise and lose  weight.(b) I couldnt  wait  for success, so I went ahead without it.(c) One end of the belt was attached to a five-pound  weight.(d) The  wait  was agonizing, and our thirst became almost unbearable. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

Buffer, acid and base Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buffer, acid and base - Research Paper Example A strong battery acid has less than one pH while a strong base has such as drain cleaner has about 14 pH (Lynnette, 2009). On the other side pOH is a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions, alkalinity or OH-. It measures the basicity of a solution according to the dictionary of Chemistry. pOH is not measured independently rather it is derived from pH. The difference between the two can be described as pH means the H+ ion concentration which indicates the acidic nature of compound while pOH means the concentration of OH- ion which indicates the basic nature of the compound. The following equation will help us to know about both pH and pOH that how they make a 14 point scale for measuring the alkalinity/basicity or acidity of a substance. In the human body, all fluids are aqueous. It is a solvent that is only present in water. That means all body fluids have pH value either narrow or wide range. Scientific researches claim that the pH range of blood should be slightly basic i.e. from 7.35-7.45. If the range sees drastic change, it is very likely to cause illness or death as so much acidity and basicity is injurious for health. The Arrhenius definition for acids states that acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions or when they are added to water. Acids release Hydrogen ion (H+). An acid reacts with magnesium, zinc or aluminum and forms hydrogen (H2(g)). It also reacts with such compounds that contain CO32-Â  and carbon dioxide and water is produced. Acids can corrode metals, eat them away to weaken. Acids are so powerful that they can conduct electricity. They are found in car batteries that are so powerful to run the car. An acid turns the litmus paper into red. It is sour in nature and found in many natural fruits and vegetables e.g. lemons have citric acid. In a laboratory, it is very dangerous to taste acid. In kitchens, we find vinegar, a type of acid. It is acetic acid that gives vinegar a sour taste (Lynnette,